Kadaknath Chicken Farming, Nutrient Value of Meat & Its Health Benefits

What is Kadaknath Chicken

Kadaknath chicken, also known as Kali Masi or the Black Chicken, is a unique and indigenous native breed state of Madhya Pradesh, India. Its striking and distinctive feature lies in its entirely black plumage, including feathers, beak, legs, and even internal organs. The Kadaknath chicken has been cherished for centuries by certain Indian communities due to its cultural significance and culinary delicacy. While it is not as prolific a layer as some commercial breeds, its eggs are of a dark brown color. However, the breed is primarily renowned for its meat, which is considered a premium product due to its unique black color, lean texture, and reputed health benefits. The meat is believed to be low in cholesterol and high in protein, making it an attractive choice for health-conscious consumers. Kadaknath chicken farming has gained popularity in recent years, not only in India but also in other countries, as farmers and consumers alike recognize the breed’s distinctive qualities and potential economic value. However, due to its local and endangered status in the past, conservation efforts have been undertaken to safeguard the breed’s genetic diversity and promote sustainable breeding practices to ensure its preservation for future generations.

Kadaknath Chicken Farming

Kadaknath chicken farming is the practice of raising the unique and indigenous Kadaknath breed of chickens for meat and egg production. The Kadaknath chicken, known for its distinctive black plumage and flavorful dark meat, holds cultural significance in certain regions of India. Starting a Kadaknath chicken farm requires careful research, planning, and dedication. Farmers need to source healthy and disease-free chicks from reputable breeders, construct suitable housing with proper ventilation, and provide ample space for free-ranging during the day. Nutrition plays a crucial role in their growth, and a well-balanced diet consisting of grains, seeds, greens, and protein-rich feed is essential. Regular health monitoring and proper vaccination are vital to ensure the well-being of the flock. For those interested in breeding, establishing a systematic breeding program helps maintain the breed’s unique characteristics and genetic diversity. Successful Kadaknath chicken farming also involves managing egg production, marketing strategies to target niche markets interested in this specialty product, and compliance with local regulations. With proper care and management, Kadaknath chicken farming can be a rewarding venture, offering both a sustainable source of income and the preservation of a culturally significant and unique breed. Starting a Kadaknath chicken farm involves several key steps.

 

1. Breed Selection:

Kadaknath is a single breed of chicken, not a group of different breeds. It is characterized by its black feathers, skin, bones, and even internal organs, making it a visually distinct and culturally significant breed in certain regions of India. This breed is valued for its flavorful dark meat and is known for its adaptability to different environmental conditions. Over the years, efforts have been made to conserve and promote the Kadaknath breed due to its cultural heritage and unique characteristics.

2. Housing and Infrastructure:

Proper housing provides a safe and comfortable environment, protects the chickens from adverse weather conditions, and minimizes the risk of diseases and predators. When setting up the housing for Kadaknath farming, several factors need to be considered. The first consideration is the size of the chicken coop. The coop should provide adequate space for the chickens to move around freely, especially during the night when they roost. As Kadaknath chickens prefer free-range conditions during the day, it’s essential to design the housing to allow them ample space to roam and forage. The coop should be well-ventilated to ensure proper air circulation and prevent heat stress during hot weather.

The design and construction of the coop should also consider protection from predators. Install sturdy fencing or wire mesh to prevent entry by rats, snakes, and other potential threats. Additionally, secure the coop with strong locks or latches to prevent theft or intrusions. Bedding material is essential for providing a comfortable and clean environment for the chickens. Pine shavings or straw can be used as bedding, which helps in absorbing moisture and minimizing odors. Regularly cleaning and replacing bedding are essential to maintain proper hygiene in the coop.

Another critical aspect is the arrangement of nesting boxes for egg-laying hens. The nesting boxes should be placed in a quiet and private area of the coop to encourage the hens to lay eggs comfortably. Properly designed nesting boxes help prevent egg breakage and provide a stress-free environment for the hens.

Kadaknath chickens require access to clean and fresh water at all times. Install water troughs or drinkers inside the coop and make sure they are regularly cleaned and refilled. Adequate water supply is essential for the birds’ health, digestion, and overall well-being.

In conclusion, the housing and infrastructure for Kadaknath chicken farming should prioritize the chickens’ comfort, safety, and natural behavior. Providing ample space, proper ventilation, protection from predators, and clean bedding are essential factors in maintaining a healthy and productive Kadaknath flock. A well-designed and managed chicken coop sets the foundation for successful Kadaknath farming, allowing the birds to thrive and express their natural behaviors in a controlled and nurturing environment.

 

3. Feeding and Nutrition:

Provide a well-balanced and nutritious diet that includes grains, seeds, greens, insects, and protein-rich feed. Proper nutrition is essential for the chickens’ growth, health, and productivity.

Feeding Kadaknath chickens a well-balanced and nutritious diet is essential for their growth, health, and productivity. These chickens are omnivores, meaning they consume both plant-based and animal-based foods. Here’s an explanation of the feeding materials suitable for Kadaknath chickens:

• Grains:

Grains form the basis of the diet for Kadaknath chickens. Common grains include corn, wheat, barley, and millets. These grains provide carbohydrates, energy, and essential nutrients.

• Protein Sources:

Kadaknath chickens require adequate protein for muscle development, egg production, and overall health. Protein sources can include soybean meal, fish meal, meat and bone meal, and other protein-rich supplements. Insects and worms are also excellent natural sources of protein for free-ranging chickens.

• Greens and Vegetables:

Fresh green fodder, such as grass, alfalfa, spinach, and other leafy greens, provides vitamins, minerals, and fiber. Vegetables like carrots, beets, and pumpkins can also be included in their diet.

• Kitchen Scraps:

Kadaknath chickens can consume kitchen scraps like vegetable peels, fruit leftovers, and cooked rice, but avoid feeding them anything spoiled or moldy.

• Supplements:

To ensure complete nutrition, commercial poultry feed or balanced feed mixes specifically designed for chickens can be included in their diet. These feeds are formulated to meet the nutritional requirements of different growth stages and egg production.

• Grit:

Chickens don’t have teeth, so they need grit (small, hard particles) to help them grind their food in their gizzard. Provide them with commercial poultry grit or coarse sand.

• Fresh Water:

Access to clean and fresh water at all times is crucial for the well-being of Kadaknath chickens. They need water for digestion, temperature regulation, and overall hydration.

4. Characteristics of Kadaknath Chicken:

Plumage: Blue-black

Internal organs: Black-hued

Body weight at 20 weeks: 925 gm

Body weight of adult cockerel: 1.5–2.12 kg

Body weight of adult hen: 1–1.6 kg

Sexual maturity: At 182 days

Average annual egg production: 107 Egg

Weight at 40 weeks: 50 gm

Fertility (%): 56 %

Hatchability FES (%): 53 %

5. Breeds of Kadaknath:

There are three Kadaknath chicken breeds in the world which are black in colour.

1. Kadaknath –Indian Breed
2. Silkie –Chinese Breed
3. Ayam Cemani –Indonesian Breed.

6. Kadaknath Meat Health Benefits

Kadaknath meat is believed to offer several health benefits, and its consumption is highly regarded in traditional medicine and by certain health-conscious consumers. While scientific studies on the health benefits of Kadaknath meat are limited and more research is needed, some claimed benefits include:

• Low Cholesterol:

Kadaknath meat is often touted as having lower cholesterol levels compared to other poultry meats, making it a favorable option for individuals looking to reduce their cholesterol intake.

• High Protein Content:

Kadaknath meat is rich in high-quality protein, which is essential for muscle building, tissue repair, and overall body function.

• Essential Amino Acids:

The meat is said to contain a good balance of essential amino acids, which are the building blocks of proteins and play a crucial role in various physiological processes.

• Iron Content:

Kadaknath meat is claimed to have higher iron content than regular chicken meat, which could be beneficial for people with iron deficiency anemia.

• Antioxidants:

Some studies suggest that Kadaknath meat contains higher levels of certain antioxidants, such as carotenoids and phenolic compounds, which can help combat oxidative stress and inflammation in the body.

• Tonic and Medicinal Properties:

In traditional medicine, Kadaknath meat is believed to have medicinal properties and is used as a tonic for various health issues.

• Unique Flavor:

Apart from its potential health benefits, Kadaknath meat is highly valued for its unique taste and texture, making it a delicacy in certain culinary traditions.

7. Nutrient Value of Kadaknath Chicken Meat

The nutrient value of Kadaknath meat is generally considered to be higher or more favorable than that of conventional chicken meat. While the exact nutrient composition may vary depending on factors such as age, diet, and farming practices, here is an approximate nutrient profile for Kadaknath meat per 100 grams:

• Protein: Around 27-30 grams
• Fat: Approximately 4-5 grams
  • Saturated Fat:5-2 grams
  • Unsaturated Fat:5-3 grams
• Cholesterol: About 75-80 milligrams (lower than other chicken breeds)
• Iron: Approximately 1.5-2 milligrams (higher than other chicken breeds)
• Essential Amino Acids: Rich in essential amino acids, similar to other poultry meats
• Vitamin B12: Around 0.3-0.5 micrograms (aids in red blood cell formation and nerve function)
• Vitamin B6: Approximately 0.1-0.2 milligrams (involved in metabolism and immune function)
• Niacin (Vitamin B3): About 8-10 milligrams (supports energy production and skin health)
• Phosphorus: Around 190-220 milligrams (essential for bone health)
• Selenium: Approximately 20-25 micrograms (an antioxidant mineral)
• Zinc: About 1.5-2 milligrams (important for immune function and wound healing)
• Potassium: Around 200-220 milligrams (helps regulate blood pressure and fluid balance)
• Magnesium: Approximately 20-25 milligrams (important for muscle and nerve function)

8. Kadaknath Egg and Meat Price

The price of Kadaknath eggs and meat is generally higher compared to conventional poultry products due to the breed’s rarity, slow growth rate, and unique properties and health benefits. The demand and supply dynamics in the market, as well as the cost of production and availability, can also influence the pricing. The following are approximate price ranges for Kadaknath eggs and meat in India:

Kadaknath Eggs:

• Individual Egg: ₹30 to ₹40 (approximately)
• Dozen (12 Eggs): ₹350 to ₹450 (approximately)

Kadaknath Meat:

• Dressed Meat (per kg): ₹800 to ₹1200 (approximately)

   

                     Kadaknath Eggs                                       Kadaknath Meat

 

9. Health Management:

Regularly monitor the health of the chickens and implement a vaccination and disease prevention program. Maintaining good hygiene in the coop and promptly addressing any signs of illness are crucial for the well-being of the flock.

10. Breeding Program:

If you plan to breed Kadaknath chickens on your farm, establish a systematic breeding program to maintain the breed’s unique characteristics and genetic diversity. Carefully select breeding stock based on desirable traits and productivity.

11. Egg Management:

For those focusing on egg production, provide suitable nesting areas and collect eggs regularly. Proper handling and storage of eggs are necessary to maintain their quality.

12. Marketing and Sales:

Develop effective marketing strategies to promote your Kadaknath chicken products. Target local markets, restaurants, and specialty stores that cater to customers interested in organic and unique poultry products.

Guava Cultivation: A Complete Guide

Guava (Psidium guajava) is a tropical fruit that is popular for its delicious taste, nutritional value, and health benefits. It can be grown in various regions with a tropical or subtropical climate. Here is some general information on guava cultivation. Guava cultivation is a thriving agricultural practice that involves growing the tropical fruit, guava (Psidium guajava), for its delectable taste, nutritional value, and versatility in culinary applications.

Native to Central America, guava is now widely cultivated in tropical and subtropical regions around the world due to its adaptability and ability to thrive in diverse climatic conditions. With its enticing aroma, sweet and tangy flavor, and abundant health benefits, guava has become a favorite fruit among consumers and a profitable crop for farmers.

Its high content of essential vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants makes it a valuable addition to a balanced diet. Guava trees are evergreen, moderately-sized, and feature smooth, green leaves that provide ample shade. The fruit, which can vary in size, shape, and color depending on the variety, typically has a green or yellow skin when ripe and a soft, juicy flesh filled with numerous small seeds.

Guava cultivation offers an opportunity for sustainable agriculture, as the plant requires relatively low water inputs and exhibits a robust resistance to various pests and diseases. Furthermore, guava fruits are used not only for fresh consumption but also for processing into juices, jams, jellies, and other value-added products, enhancing their economic value.

1. Climate and Soil Requirements:

  Climate:

• Temperature: Guava prefers a warm climate with temperatures ranging from 25°C to 35°C (77°F to 95°F). It can tolerate brief periods of temperature drops to 10°C (50°F) but may suffer damage from frost or extended cold spells.
• Humidity: Guava grows well in areas with moderate to high humidity levels. However, it can tolerate dry conditions once established, but adequate irrigation is essential during dry spells.
• Rainfall: Guava requires a well-distributed annual rainfall ranging from 1000mm to 2000mm (40 inches to 80 inches). Heavy rainfall and waterlogging should be avoided during flowering and fruiting to prevent fruit drop and disease issues.

   Soil:

• Soil Type: Guava can grow in a variety of soil types, but well-draining soils with good aeration are essential for successful cultivation. Sandy loam, loam, and clay loam soils are considered suitable. Avoid waterlogged and heavy clay soils, as they can lead to root rot and poor growth.
• pH Level: The ideal soil pH for guava cultivation is between 6.0 and 7.5. It can tolerate slightly acidic to slightly alkaline conditions, but extreme pH levels should be avoided.
• Soil Fertility: Guava thrives in fertile soils rich in organic matter. Adding organic compost or well-rotted manure to the soil before planting can improve fertility and overall plant health.

Altitude:

• Guava is generally grown at elevations ranging from sea level up to 1500 meters (4921 feet). However, it performs best in lowland areas and lower elevations where temperatures are warmer.

   Sunlight:

• Guava is a sun-loving plant and requires full sunlight for optimal growth and fruit production. A minimum of 6-8 hours of direct sunlight per day is recommended.

   Wind:

• While guava can tolerate moderate winds, it is best to provide some protection from strong, drying winds that can stress the plant and reduce fruit quality.

   Water Requirements:

• Guava requires regular watering, especially during its establishment phase and the fruiting season. Adequate irrigation is crucial for proper fruit development and yield. However, waterlogged conditions should be avoided as they can lead to root rot.

 

2. Varieties:

There are many different varieties of guava available, with variations in taste, size, and color. Some popular varieties include Allahabad Safeda, Lucknow-49, Allahabad Surkha, Thai Maroon, and Red Malaysian. Some of the popular commercial varieties of guava include:

• Red Malaysian (Red Flesh):

This variety is known for its striking red-pink flesh, sweet flavor, and pleasant aroma. The fruits are medium-sized and have a thin skin. Red Malaysian guava is popular for fresh consumption and is used in making juices and desserts.

• White Malaysian (White Flesh):

This variety has white or pale yellow flesh with a mild, sweet flavor. The skin is greenish-yellow and thin. White Malaysian guava is also favored for fresh consumption and juice production.

• Ruby X:

Ruby X is a popular guava variety known for its large size, sweet taste, and reddish-pink flesh. It is a hybrid variety and is often used for making guava paste and other processed products.

• Barbie Pink:

Barbie Pink guava is a newer variety with a vibrant pink flesh color and a sweet, tropical flavor. It is becoming increasingly popular due to its unique appearance and taste.

• Apple Guava:

Also known as Mexican Cream or Yellow Cherry, this variety has a sweet flavor with a hint of acidity. The fruits are small to medium-sized with yellow skin and white flesh. They are often eaten fresh or used in jams and desserts.

• Pineapple Guava (Feijoa):

Although not a true guava (belongs to the Myrtaceae family like guava), Pineapple Guava is a fruit with a sweet and tangy flavor reminiscent of a combination of pineapple and guava. The skin is green, and the flesh is cream-colored.

• Safeda (Lucknow 49):

Safeda is a popular Indian variety known for its large size, greenish-yellow skin, and white flesh. It has a sweet taste and is commonly used for fresh consumption and making juices.

• Barahmasia:

This Indian variety is known for its rich flavor and aroma. The fruits are medium-sized with yellowish-green skin and pinkish-white flesh.

• Pusa Dwarf:

This dwarf variety is suitable for high-density plantings and has small to medium-sized fruits with a sweet taste and white flesh. It is preferred for cultivation in limited spaces.

• Paluma:

Paluma is an Australian guava variety with medium-sized fruits and a sweet, pinkish flesh. It is well-suited for subtropical and coastal regions.

• Allahabad Safeda (White Flesh Guava):

Allahabad Safeda, also known as White Flesh Guava, is one of the most widely cultivated guava varieties in India. It originated in the Allahabad region of Uttar Pradesh, India.

• Allahabad Surkha (Red Flesh Guava):

Allahabad Surkha, also known as Red Flesh Guava, is a variety cultivated in the Allahabad region of Uttar Pradesh, India.

 

3. Propagation:

Guava can be propagated through seeds, but for better and consistent fruit quality, it is usually propagated through vegetative methods such as stem cuttings, air layering, or grafting onto suitable rootstocks.

 

Air Layering:

1. • Air layering is a popular method for propagating guava because it allows the new plant to form roots while still attached to the parent plant.
   • Select a healthy, young branch about one year old. Make a 4-6 inch upward diagonal cut on the branch.
   • Apply rooting hormone to the cut area to encourage root development.
   • Wrap the cut area with damp sphagnum moss or coconut coir, and cover it with plastic wrap or a plastic bag to retain moisture.
   • After several weeks, roots should form inside the moss or coir. Once well-developed, cut the branch below the root area and transplant the new plant into a pot or the ground.

Softwood or Semi-Hardwood Cuttings:

• • Softwood or semi-hardwood cuttings can be taken from healthy, young branches during the growing season.
  • Cut a 6-8 inch long section of a healthy, non-flowering branch. Remove the leaves from the lower half of the cutting.
  • Dip the base of the cutting in rooting hormone to stimulate root growth.
  • Plant the cutting in a well-draining rooting medium (such as a mixture of peat and perlite or sand) and keep it moist.
  • Place the cuttings in a warm and humid environment (a propagator or greenhouse) with indirect sunlight.
  • Within a few weeks, the cuttings should develop roots. Once well-rooted, they can be transplanted to individual pots or directly into the ground.

4. Planting:

• • • Plant guava in a location that receives full sunlight for at least 6 to 8 hours a day.
    • The recommended planting distance is about 6 to 8 meters (20 to 26 feet) apart, as guava trees can grow quite large.

5. Irrigation:

• • Guava plants require regular watering, especially during the flowering and fruiting stages. However, they are moderately drought-tolerant once established.

 

6. Requirement of Organic Compost & Fertilizers:

• Organic Manure:

Before planting guava, it is recommended to incorporate well-decomposed organic manure like farmyard manure (FYM) or compost into the soil. Apply about 10-15 kg of well-rotted manure per tree during the pre-planting stage.

• NPK Fertilizers:

For young guava trees (1 to 2 years old), apply a balanced fertilizer like NPK 10-10-10 at the rate of 100 to 150 grams per tree every three months during the first year. For older guava trees (3 years and above), the fertilizer requirement will increase. Apply NPK 17-17-17 or NPK 20-20-20 at the rate of 500 grams to 1 kg per tree every three to four months during the growing season.

• Micronutrients:

Guava may also require micronutrients like zinc, iron, and boron. Foliar application of micronutrient sprays can be done at appropriate intervals to address any observed deficiencies. Here are some general guidelines for micronutrient sprays on guava trees:

 

      Zinc (Zn):

• Zinc deficiency is common in guava trees and can lead to small, distorted leaves with interveinal chlorosis (yellowing).
• Zinc sulfate (ZnSO4) is commonly used as a source of zinc for foliar application.
• The recommended dose is usually 0.5% to 1% zinc sulfate solution (5 to 10 grams of zinc sulfate in 1 liter of water) for foliar spray.
• Apply the zinc spray during the growing season, avoiding spraying during the flowering stage.

 

        Iron (Fe):

• Iron deficiency can cause interveinal chlorosis, leading to yellowing leaves with green veins.
• Iron chelates, such as Fe-EDTA or Fe-DTPA, are commonly used as sources of iron for foliar application.
• The recommended dose is typically 0.1% to 0.2% iron chelate solution (1 to 2 grams of iron chelate in 1 liter of water) for foliar spray.
• Apply the iron spray during the growing season, and avoid spraying during flowering.

       Boron (B):

• Boron deficiency can lead to distorted, thickened, and cracked leaves.
• Borax (sodium borate) or boric acid is commonly used as a source of boron for foliar application.
• The recommended dose is usually 0.1% borax solution (1 gram of borax in 1 liter of water) or 0.05% boric acid solution (0.5 grams of boric acid in 1 liter of water) for foliar spray.
• Apply the boron spray during the growing season, and avoid excessive application, as boron can be toxic at high concentrations.

 

7. Pruning:

Regular pruning is essential to maintain the shape of the tree, improve air circulation, and increase fruit production. Prune after harvest and remove any dead or diseased branches. Pruning plays an important role in guava cultivation as it helps maintain the shape and size of the tree, promotes airflow, enhances sunlight penetration, and improves fruit production. Here are some guidelines for pruning guava trees:

Pruning Timing:

• Pruning is typically done after the fruiting season, during the dormant period or early spring before new growth begins. This allows the tree to recover and allocate energy for new growth and fruit production.

Remove Suckers and Water Sprouts:

• Suckers are vigorous shoots that arise from the base of the tree or rootstock. Water sprouts are vigorous upright shoots that grow vertically from the branches.
• Remove suckers and water sprouts as they compete for nutrients and can weaken the tree. Use pruning shears or a pruning saw to cut them off close to the base.

 

Thinning Out Branches:

• Over time, guava trees can develop crowded canopies with excessive branching. Thinning out branches helps improve airflow, reduces disease incidence, and allows more sunlight to reach the interior of the tree.
• Identify and remove any crossing, rubbing, or dead branches. Aim to maintain an open canopy structure.

Heading Back and Tipping:

• Heading back involves cutting back the ends of branches to stimulate lateral growth and branching. This helps maintain the height and shape of the tree.
• Tipping refers to the removal of the terminal portion of a branch, which encourages new growth and branching.
• When heading back or tipping, make clean cuts just above a bud or lateral branch junction.

Fruit-bearing Branches:

• Guava fruit is typically borne on current season’s growth. Identify and retain healthy, productive branches that are capable of bearing fruit.
• If necessary, remove older, unproductive branches to promote new growth and improve fruiting.

Pruning for Disease Control:

• Remove any branches showing signs of disease, such as cankers, lesions, or rot. This helps prevent the spread of diseases and maintains tree health.

Sanitation:

• After pruning, remove and dispose of all pruned branches and debris away from the tree to minimize the risk of disease or pest infestation.

Training Young Trees:

• Young guava trees can be trained to a desired shape, such as an open center or modified central leader system. Prune accordingly during the early stages of growth to establish the desired framework.

 

8. Nutrient Value of Guava

Guava is a nutrient-dense fruit that offers a wide range of essential vitamins, minerals, and dietary fiber. Here are the approximate nutrient values for a 100-gram serving of raw guava:

• Calories: 68 kcal
• Carbohydrates: 14.3 grams
  • Dietary Fiber: 5.4 grams
  • Sugars: 8.9 grams
• Protein: 2.6 grams
• Fat: 1 grams
• Vitamin C: 228.3 mg (more than 3 times the daily recommended intake for adults)
• Vitamin A: 624 IU
• Folate (Vitamin B9): 49 mcg
• Vitamin E: 0.73 mg
• Vitamin K: 2.6 mcg
• Calcium: 18 mg
• Iron: 0.26 mg
• Magnesium: 22 mg
• Phosphorus: 40 mg
• Potassium: 417 mg
• Zinc: 0.23 mg

 

9. Health Benefits of Guava

Guava is a highly nutritious and delicious tropical fruit that offers a wide range of health benefits. Some of the significant health benefits of consuming guava include:

1. Rich in Vitamin C:

Guava is one of the richest sources of vitamin C, providing more than three times the daily recommended intake in a 100-gram serving. Vitamin C is an essential antioxidant that boosts the immune system, helps the body fight infections, and supports skin health.

2. Boosts Immunity:

The combination of vitamin C, vitamin A, and various phytochemicals in guava helps strengthen the immune system, protecting the body from common illnesses like colds and flu.

3. Improves Digestion:

Guava is rich in dietary fiber, promoting healthy digestion and regular bowel movements. The fiber content also aids in preventing constipation and supporting gut health.

4. Manages Blood Sugar Levels:

The fiber content in guava slows down the absorption of sugar, helping regulate blood sugar levels. This can be beneficial for individuals with diabetes or those at risk of developing the condition.

5. Heart Health:

Guava is low in cholesterol and saturated fat while being high in dietary fiber, potassium, and antioxidants. Regular consumption of guava can help lower blood pressure, reduce bad cholesterol levels (LDL), and improve heart health.

6. Weight Management:

Despite being nutrient-rich, guava is relatively low in calories. The fiber content helps in promoting satiety, making it a healthy choice for weight management.

7. Supports Eye Health:

Guava contains vitamin A, which is essential for maintaining good eyesight and promoting eye health.

8. Anti-Inflammatory Properties:

The antioxidants and phytochemicals found in guava have anti-inflammatory properties that can help reduce inflammation in the body and may offer benefits for inflammatory conditions.

9. Skin Health:

Vitamin C and other antioxidants in guava contribute to collagen synthesis, promoting healthy skin and reducing the signs of aging. Applying guava pulp topically can also soothe skin irritations and aid in wound healing.

10. Cancer Prevention:

Guava contains various antioxidants, including lycopene and beta-carotene, which are associated with reducing the risk of certain types of cancers.

11. Aids in Anemia Prevention:

Guava is a good source of iron, which is important for preventing iron-deficiency anemia and maintaining healthy blood cells.

12. Brain Health:

The antioxidants and vitamins in guava may contribute to improved brain function and cognitive health.

 

 

10. Pest and Disease Management:

Pest and disease management is crucial for successful guava cultivation, as pests and diseases can significantly impact fruit production and tree health. Here are some common pests and diseases that affect guava trees, along with general management practices:

Common Pests:

a. Fruit Flies:

Fruit flies lay eggs in ripening fruit, leading to fruit damage and spoilage. To manage fruit flies:

1. • Harvest fruit at the right stage of ripeness.
   • Use traps and bait stations to attract and capture adult flies.
   • Cover fruits with bags or netting to protect them from infestation.

b. Mealybugs:

Mealybugs feed on plant sap and produce honeydew, leading to sooty mold growth. To manage mealybugs:

1. • Use horticultural oils or insecticidal soaps to suffocate and kill mealybugs.
   • Encourage natural enemies like ladybugs and parasitic wasps that prey on mealybugs.

c. Scales:

Scales are small, immobile insects that attach to the tree and feed on sap. To manage scales:

1. • Prune and dispose of heavily infested branches.
   • Apply horticultural oils to smother and kill scale insects.

d. Whiteflies:

Whiteflies cause damage by feeding on plant sap and transmitting viruses. To manage whiteflies:

1. • Introduce natural predators like ladybugs, lacewings, and parasitic wasps.
   • Use insecticidal soaps or neem oil to control whitefly populations.

Common Diseases:

a. Anthracnose:

Anthracnose is a fungal disease that causes dark lesions on leaves and fruits. To manage anthracnose:

1. • Prune to improve airflow and reduce humidity within the canopy.
   • Apply copper-based fungicides during the pre-flowering and post-harvest stages.

b. Fruit Rots:

Various fungal pathogens can cause fruit rot, leading to premature fruit drop. To manage fruit rot:

• • Harvest fruits at the correct maturity stage and handle them carefully to avoid physical injuries.
  • Apply fungicides based on the specific fungal pathogen involved.

Wilt Diseases:

Guava wilt diseases are caused by soil-borne pathogens like Fusarium and Phytophthora species. To manage wilt diseases:

1. • Practice proper irrigation and avoid waterlogged conditions.
   • Plant guava on well-drained soil and avoid planting in areas with a history of wilt disease.

Integrated Pest Management (IPM):

1. • Implement an Integrated Pest Management approach that combines cultural, biological, and chemical control methods to manage pests and diseases effectively.
   • Regularly monitor the orchard for signs of pests and diseases to take timely action.

Sanitation:

1. • Practice good orchard sanitation by removing fallen leaves, fruits, and pruned branches to reduce disease carryover.

Regular Inspections:

• Conduct regular inspections of the guava trees to identify and address any pest or disease issues promptly.

Resistant Varieties:

• • Whenever possible, choose guava varieties that are resistant to common pests and diseases prevalent in your region.

11. Harvesting:

• • Guava fruits are ready for harvest when they attain the desired size and change color. Depending on the variety, this can be when the fruit turns yellow, green, or maroon. Ripe fruits will also emit a pleasant aroma.

 

12. Post-harvest Handling:

• Handle guava fruits with care to avoid bruising and damage. Store ripe fruits at room temperature and consume them within a few days.

 

13. Sales And Export of Guava

The sales and export of guava can vary depending on factors such as the country of production, demand in the international market, seasonal availability, and trade agreements. Guava is a popular fruit in tropical and subtropical regions, and its export is driven by its increasing demand, nutritional value, and versatility in various culinary applications. Here’s an overview of the sales and export of guava:

 Domestic Sales:

• In countries where guava is grown extensively, such as India, Mexico, Brazil, and Thailand, a significant portion of the guava produced is consumed locally. Domestic sales occur through fresh fruit markets, grocery stores, supermarkets, and fruit vendors.

Regional Trade:

• Guava is traded between neighboring countries and regions with suitable climates for cultivation. For example, guava from Mexico may be exported to the United States, or guava from India may be exported to neighboring countries in South Asia.

International Export:

• Guava is exported to various countries worldwide, primarily to regions where guava is not locally grown or is in demand due to its unique flavor and nutritional value.
• Major guava exporting countries include India, Thailand, Mexico, Pakistan, Brazil, and the Philippines.
• Guava is exported both as fresh fruit and processed products, such as guava pulp, guava juice, dried guava, and guava-based jams and jellies.

Importing Countries:

• Guava is imported by countries with high demand for tropical fruits, especially in regions with limited guava cultivation or during off-seasons.
• Some of the major importing countries include the United States, Canada, European countries, Japan, the Middle East, and parts of Africa.

Challenges:

• Guava’s export faces challenges such as limited shelf life, transportation costs, and compliance with phytosanitary regulations of importing countries.
• To overcome these challenges, some exporting countries invest in post-harvest technologies, cold storage facilities, and improved transportation logistics.

Market Trends:

• The export market for guava is influenced by changing consumer preferences, increasing awareness of the fruit’s health benefits, and the demand for tropical fruits in various culinary industries.
• Processed guava products, such as guava pulp and juice concentrates, have gained popularity in the global market due to their longer shelf life and versatility for use in the food and beverage industry.

 

 

 

Orange Cultivation, Growing Season, Harvesting and Selling Price: A Complete Guide

Orange cultivation, a popular practice worldwide, involves growing citrus trees that bear the sweet and tangy orange fruit. Oranges are not only delicious but also packed with essential vitamins and minerals, making them a nutritious addition to any diet. If you’re considering growing orange trees, here’s a guide to help you get started.

1. Climate and Soil Requirements:

Oranges thrive in subtropical to tropical climates with moderate temperatures ranging from 55°F to 100°F (13°C to 38°C). Frost can damage the delicate citrus trees, so it’s essential to protect them during cold spells. Well-draining, sandy loam soil with a slightly acidic to neutral pH (6.0 to 7.5) is ideal for orange cultivation. Avoid waterlogged or clayey soils, as they can lead to root rot.

2. Site Selection:

Choose a sunny location for your orange grove, as citrus trees require full sun exposure to produce abundant fruit. Ensure the site is sheltered from strong winds, which can break branches and hinder tree growth.

3. Propagation:

Oranges can be propagated through seeds, cuttings, or budding onto rootstocks. For consistency in fruit quality, budding is a preferred method. Use healthy, disease-free scions and rootstocks for successful propagation.

4. Planting:

Plant orange trees during the early spring when the soil is warm and moist. Dig a hole slightly larger than the root ball and place the tree at the same depth it was in the nursery container. Water the newly planted tree generously to help it establish its roots.

5. Irrigation:

Orange trees require regular watering, especially during dry spells. Ensure the soil remains consistently moist but not waterlogged. Using drip irrigation or soaker hoses is recommended to deliver water directly to the root zone.

6. Pruning:

Prune orange trees annually to maintain an open canopy and remove dead or diseased branches. This enhances air circulation and sunlight penetration, reducing the risk of fungal diseases.

7. Pest and Disease Management:

Keep a vigilant eye for common pests like aphids, mites, and citrus leaf miners. Use natural predators or horticultural oils to control infestations. Implementing good cultural practices, such as proper watering and adequate spacing, can help prevent diseases like citrus canker and root rot.

8. Harvesting:

Oranges generally take around 9-12 months to ripen, depending on the variety. They can remain on the tree for several weeks after reaching maturity. Harvest oranges by cutting the stem with pruning shears or picking them by hand to avoid damage.

9. Post-Harvest Care:

Store harvested oranges in a cool, well-ventilated area. They can be refrigerated for extended freshness.

By following these guidelines, you can enjoy a bountiful harvest of juicy, flavorful oranges from your very own grove. Remember, patience and proper care are key to successful orange cultivation. Happy growing!

 

Commercial Varieties of Orange for Growing in India

India, with its diverse climate and soil conditions, provides an ideal environment for cultivating various orange varieties. Commercial orange cultivation in India has gained momentum due to the rising demand for this nutritious and flavorful citrus fruit. If you are considering growing oranges commercially in India, here is a guide to some popular and well-suited orange varieties for cultivation:

1. Nagpur Orange (Citrus reticulata):

Nagpur orange, also known as “Santra” or “Nagpuri Santara,” is one of the most famous varieties grown in India. It is primarily cultivated in the Vidarbha region of Maharashtra, particularly in and around Nagpur. Nagpur oranges are renowned for their delicious sweetness, vibrant color, and thin skin, making them highly popular in the market. The harvesting season typically spans from November to January.

2. Coorg Mandarin (Citrus reticulata Blanco):

The Coorg Mandarin, also called “Coorg Orange,” is prominently cultivated in the Coorg region of Karnataka. This variety is characterized by its easy-to-peel skin, sweet taste, and intense aroma. Coorg mandarins are generally available from December to March, making them a valuable addition to the Indian citrus market.

3. Kinnow (Citrus reticulata x Citrus sinensis):

Kinnow is a hybrid variety resulting from a cross between “King” (Citrus nobilis) and “Willow Leaf” (Citrus x deliciosa). It is cultivated mainly in the states of Punjab, Haryana, and Rajasthan. Kinnows are known for their high juice content, excellent flavor, and rich nutritional value. The harvesting season for Kinnow extends from December to April, making it a prominent variety in the late-winter market.

4. Malta (Citrus sinensis):

Malta, or “Sweet Orange,” is a widely cultivated variety in several parts of India, including Uttar Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, and Tamil Nadu. It is valued for its juicy and sweet flesh, as well as its adaptability to various agro-climatic conditions. Malta oranges are typically available from November to February.

5. Blood Orange (Citrus sinensis):

Blood oranges, though relatively less common in India, have gained popularity due to their distinct reddish hue. These oranges contain anthocyanins, the pigments responsible for their unique coloration. Blood oranges are rich in antioxidants and have a slightly tangy, berry-like flavor. Their growing season is relatively shorter, usually from January to February.

6. Valencia Orange (Citrus sinensis):

Valencia oranges are commonly grown in parts of South India, especially in Tamil Nadu and Karnataka. They are appreciated for their sweet and juicy taste, making them suitable for both fresh consumption and juicing. The harvesting season for Valencia oranges typically lasts from February to April.

Harvesting Period of Orange in India

The harvesting time of oranges in India can vary depending on the region and the specific variety of orange being grown. Generally, oranges are harvested during the winter months when they reach their peak ripeness and flavor. In most parts of India, the typical harvesting season for oranges falls between November and February.

Here’s a rough breakdown of the harvesting time for some popular orange varieties in different regions of India:

1. Nagpur Oranges:

Harvested from November to January, with the peak season usually in December.

2. Kinnow Oranges:

Harvested from December to February, with the peak season around January.

3. Khasi Mandarin (Assam):

Harvested from November to January.

4. Malda Fazli (West Bengal):

Harvested from December to February.

 

Yield of orange

The yield of oranges per hectare in India can vary widely depending on factors such as the region, climate, soil type, farming practices, and the variety of orange grown. On average, the yield of oranges in India ranged from 10,000 to 20,000 kilograms per hectare (10 to 20 tonnes per hectare).

Nutrient values of oranges (per 100 grams) are as follows:

1. Calories: 43 kcal
2. Carbohydrates: 8.2 grams
3. Sugars: 8.2 grams
4. Dietary Fiber: 2.1 grams
5. Protein: 0.9 grams
6. Fat: 0.2 grams
7. Vitamin C: 53.2 milligrams (88% of the Daily Value)
8. Thiamine (Vitamin B1): 0.087 milligrams (6% of the Daily Value)
9. Folate (Vitamin B9): 30 micrograms (8% of the Daily Value)
10. Potassium: 181 milligrams (5% of the Daily Value)
11. Calcium: 43 milligrams (4% of the Daily Value)
12. Magnesium: 10 milligrams (3% of the Daily Value)
13. Vitamin A: 225 international units (4% of the Daily Value)

Health Benefits of Orange

Oranges are not only delicious but also packed with essential nutrients and health benefits. Here are some of the key health benefits of oranges:

1. Rich in Vitamin C:

Oranges are a great source of vitamin C, which is essential for a healthy immune system. Vitamin C helps protect the body against infections, promotes wound healing, and supports the absorption of iron from plant-based foods.

2. Antioxidant Properties:

Oranges contain various antioxidants, including flavonoids like hesperidin and beta-carotene, which help combat oxidative stress and reduce the damage caused by free radicals in the body. This can contribute to overall health and reduce the risk of chronic diseases.

3. Heart Health:

The potassium content in oranges can help regulate blood pressure and reduce the risk of hypertension and cardiovascular diseases. Additionally, the flavonoids in oranges may improve blood vessel function and reduce inflammation, which are beneficial for heart health.

4. Digestive Health:

Oranges are a good source of dietary fiber, which aids digestion and supports a healthy gut. The fiber content helps prevent constipation and promotes regular bowel movements.

5. Skin Health:

Vitamin C in oranges is essential for collagen production, which plays a crucial role in maintaining healthy skin. The antioxidants in oranges also help protect the skin from damage caused by UV rays and pollution.

6. Cancer Prevention:

Some studies suggest that the antioxidants and phytochemicals present in oranges may have anti-cancer properties, reducing the risk of certain types of cancer. However, more research is needed to fully understand the extent of this effect.

7. Eye Health:

Oranges contain nutrients like vitamin A, zeaxanthin, and lutein, which are beneficial for eye health. They may help reduce the risk of age-related macular degeneration and cataracts.

8. Hydration:

Oranges have a high water content, which helps keep you hydrated and supports overall bodily functions.

9. Weight Management:

The fiber in oranges can help you feel full and satisfied, making them a good addition to a balanced diet for weight management.

10. Bone Health:

Oranges contain calcium and other minerals important for bone health, contributing to maintaining strong and healthy bones.

Fertilizer and Manure Requirement in Orange Plant

The fertilizer and manure requirements for an orange can vary, depending on factors such as soil fertility, tree age, and local climate conditions. However, here we are providing general guidelines for fertilizing orange plant.

 

Age of the Plant in years	N (grams/plan).	P (grams/plan)	K (grams/plan).	Farm yard manure (FYM) in Kg’s.
01	152	51	22	10
02	303	102	52	17
03	453	152	76	25
04	603	204	102	12

 

Pest and Diseases in Orange and Its Control

Orange trees are susceptible to various pests and diseases that can affect their growth and fruit production. Proper management and control measures are essential to maintain healthy orange orchards. Here are some common pests and diseases in orange trees and their control methods:

1. Citrus Canker (Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri):

• Citrus canker causes raised lesions on leaves, fruit, and stems, with oily or water-soaked appearance.
• Control: Infected trees should be removed and destroyed to prevent the spread. Copper-based sprays can be applied as a preventive measure.

2. Citrus Tristeza Virus (CTV):

• Citrus Tristeza Virus can cause stunted growth, yellowing of leaves, and death of infected trees.
• Control: Planting virus-free nursery stock, using resistant rootstocks, and controlling aphids (the vector for CTV transmission) can help prevent its spread.

3. Citrus Greening (Huanglongbing, HLB):

• Citrus greening is a severe bacterial disease that causes fruit to remain green, and the tree eventually declines.
• Control: Infected trees should be removed and destroyed. Insecticides can control the vector, the Asian citrus psyllid, which spreads the disease.

4. Alternaria Brown Spot (Alternaria alternata):

• This fungal disease affects the leaves and fruit, causing dark, sunken lesions.
• Control: Fungicides can be applied, and proper sanitation practices like removing and destroying fallen leaves can help reduce its spread.

5. Phytophthora Root Rot (Phytophthora spp.):

• Phytophthora can cause root rot, leading to wilting, decline, and death of the tree.
• Control: Proper soil drainage, avoiding overwatering, and using disease-resistant rootstocks can help manage this disease.

6. Sooty Mold (Capnodium spp.):

• Sooty mold is a black fungus that grows on the honeydew excreted by insects like aphids and scales.
• Control: Managing the insect populations that produce honeydew is essential. Insecticidal soaps or oils can be used to control pests.

7. Citrus Psyllids:

Citrus psyllids are small sap-sucking insects that can transmit the deadly citrus greening disease (huanglongbing). Signs of infestation include distorted leaves and yellow shoots. To control psyllids:

• Use reflective mulch around the base of trees to deter psyllids from laying eggs.
• Release natural predators like ladybugs and lacewings to reduce the population.
• Apply neem oil or insecticidal soaps to control minor infestations.
• For severe cases, use systemic insecticides like imidacloprid, but use them with caution to avoid harming beneficial insects.

8. Citrus Leafminer:

Leafminers are tiny larvae that tunnel through the leaves, leaving characteristic winding trails. The damage weakens the leaves and affects tree health. Control methods include:

• Prune affected leaves and dispose of them to reduce the spread.
• Apply horticultural oils to suffocate the larvae.
• Release natural enemies such as parasitic wasps to control leafminer populations.

9. Citrus Thrips:

Thrips are small insects that feed on citrus leaves and fruit, causing silvering of leaves and scarring on fruit. To manage thrips:

• Remove weeds and grasses near the orchard that can serve as alternate hosts.
• Apply insecticidal soaps or neem oil to control thrips in early stages.
• Insecticides like spinosad can be used if populations are high, but always follow the label instructions.

 

 

Post Harvest Management

Sweet oranges can be stored at 7 – 8°C with 85 – 90% RH for 4 – 8 weeks. Sweet oranges may be treated with ethylene gas for de-greening and development of colour. A temperature of 6-7°C, 5-10 ppm of ethylene and 90-95% RH in a de-greening chamber can set a change in colour in about 48 hours.

Selling Price of Orange in India

In general, the prices of oranges in India can range from around INR 20 to INR 80 per kilogram (approximately $0.30 to $1.10 USD per kg) at retail markets. However, during peak seasons or when the supply is high, prices may dip, and during off seasons or low supply periods, prices may increase.