How to start Business of Dairy Farming in India

How to start Business of Dairy Farming in India

Starting a dairy farming business in India requires careful planning, knowledge of the industry, and dedication. Here are some steps to help you get started:

  1. Research and Education:

  • Learn about the dairy industry, including dairy cow breeds, their nutritional needs, milk production, and management practices.
  • Attend training programs, workshops, or courses on dairy farming to gain practical knowledge.
  1. Business Plan:

  • Develop a comprehensive business plan that outlines your goals, target market, financial projections, and operational strategies.
  • Determine the scale of your dairy farm, taking into consideration the available land, capital, and resources.
  1. Identify Suitable Location:

  • Look for a location with ample land, good water supply, and easy access to markets for selling milk and procuring necessary inputs.
  • Ensure the land is suitable for grazing and has suitable infrastructure for housing cows.
  1. Procure Cattle and Equipment:

  • Select high-yielding and disease-resistant dairy cow breeds such as Holstein Friesian, Jersey, or Sahiwal, based on your location and market preferences.
  • Purchase healthy cows from reputed breeders or trusted sources.
  • Acquire necessary equipment such as milking machines, chaff cutters, cooling systems, and storage facilities for feed and milk.
  1. Infrastructure and Housing:

  • Construct suitable housing facilities for the cows, ensuring proper ventilation, hygiene, and comfort.
  • Set up separate areas for feeding, milking, and calf rearing.
  • Install a clean water supply system and ensure proper drainage.
  1. Feeding and Nutrition:

  • Consult a veterinarian or an animal nutritionist to create a balanced diet plan for your cows.
  • Provide a mix of green fodder, dry fodder, concentrate feed, and mineral supplements to meet their nutritional requirements.
  1. Veterinary Care and Health Management:

  • Establish a regular veterinary care schedule for vaccinations, deworming, and disease prevention.
  • Ensure proper hygiene and cleanliness on the farm to minimize the risk of diseases.
  •   Monitor the health and behavior of the cows regularly and address any issues promptly.
  1. Milk Marketing:

  • Establish connections with local milk processing units, cooperatives, or dairy companies to sell your milk.
  • Adhere to quality standards and obtain necessary certifications to ensure market acceptance.
  • Consider value-added products such as cheese, butter, or ice cream to diversify your offerings.
  1. Financial Management:

  • Maintain detailed records of expenses, income, and production to monitor the financial health of your dairy farm.
  • Explore financing options such as bank loans or government schemes to support your initial investment and expansion plans.
  1. Continuous Learning:

  • Stay updated with the latest advancements in dairy farming practices, technologies, and government policies.
  • Join local dairy farming associations or networks to learn from experienced farmers and share knowledge.

Remember, dairy farming requires hard work, dedication, and continuous learning. It’s crucial to have a strong foundation in dairy management practices and business acumen to ensure the success of your dairy farm in India.

 

 

 

Save Money with Growing Kitchen Garden Inside Your House

Developing a kitchen garden inside your house in the city is a great way to grow fresh herbs, vegetables, and even some fruits. Here’s a step-by-step guide to help you get started:

1. Assess available space:

Determine how much space you can allocate for your indoor kitchen garden. It can be a windowsill, a corner of your kitchen, or even a dedicated room with grow lights.

2. Choose suitable plants:

Select plants that are suitable for indoor gardening and fit well in your available space. Herbs like basil, mint, parsley, and thyme are popular choices. Leafy greens such as lettuce, spinach, and kale are also good options. You can also consider compact varieties of tomatoes, peppers, and strawberries.

3. Consider lighting:

Adequate lighting is crucial for indoor gardening, especially if your space doesn’t receive enough natural light. If you have a sunny window, place your plants there. Otherwise, invest in artificial grow lights that provide the necessary spectrum of light for plant growth. LED grow lights are energy-efficient and work well for indoor gardening.

4. Choose containers:

Select appropriate containers for your plants, ensuring they have drainage holes to prevent waterlogging. You can use pots, containers, or even repurpose items like buckets, hanging baskets, or vertical wall planters. Ensure the containers are large enough to accommodate the plant’s root system.

5. Prepare the soil or growing medium

Use a well-draining soil mix or a suitable growing medium for your indoor garden. You can create a mix of potting soil, compost, and vermiculite or perlite for better drainage and aeration. Alternatively, consider hydroponics or aquaponics systems for soil-less gardening.

6. Plant your garden:

Follow the planting instructions for each specific plant, considering factors like spacing and depth. Transplant seedlings or sow seeds directly into the containers. Label your plants to keep track of their progress.

7. Provide proper care:

Indoor plants require regular care and maintenance. Water your plants when the top inch of soil feels dry, but avoid overwatering. Ensure proper ventilation and airflow to prevent fungal diseases. Fertilize your plants with organic fertilizers or compost as needed. Prune regularly to maintain shape and promote growth.

8. Monitor light and temperature:

Keep an eye on the light levels and temperature in your indoor garden. Some plants require specific light durations and intensity. Maintain a comfortable temperature range suitable for the plants you’re growing.

9. Pest control:

Monitor your plants for pests like aphids, mites, or fungus gnats. Use organic pest control methods such as neem oil, insecticidal soap, or introducing beneficial insects like ladybugs. Regularly inspect your plants and take appropriate action at the first signs of infestation.

10. Harvest and enjoy:

Once your plants are mature, harvest the herbs, vegetables, and fruits as needed. Enjoy the freshness of homegrown produce in your cooking and share with friends and family.

Remember, successful indoor gardening requires patience, observation, and a bit of trial and error. Be attentive to your plants’ needs and make adjustments accordingly. With time, you’ll develop the skills and experience to create a thriving kitchen garden right inside your city home.

 

Sustainable Business of Beekeeping

Sustainable Business of Beekeeping, also known as apiculture, is an agricultural practice that involves the management and cultivation of honeybee colonies for the production of honey, beeswax, and other bee-related products. In India, beekeeping has been practiced for centuries and holds significant economic and ecological importance. Here’s an overview of the business of beekeeping in India:

1. Honey Production:

Honey is the primary product of beekeeping. India is the sixth-largest producer of honey globally. Beekeepers in India extract honey from various floral sources, including mustard, eucalyptus, sunflower, and citrus fruits. The country produces a wide range of honey types, each with its unique flavor and medicinal properties.

2. Pollination Services:

Honeybees play a crucial role in pollinating crops, enhancing agricultural productivity. As a result, beekeepers offer pollination services to farmers, particularly for crops such as almonds, apples, mangoes, and cucumbers. This service has gained recognition and value due to the increased demand for efficient pollinators.

3. Beeswax and Propolis:

Beeswax, a natural wax produced by honeybees, is another valuable product obtained from beekeeping. It is widely used in the cosmetics, pharmaceutical, and candle industries. Propolis, a resinous substance collected by bees, is also harvested and used for its medicinal properties.

4. Royal Jelly and Bee Pollen:

Beekeepers in India also collect royal jelly, a secretion produced by worker bees and fed to larvae. Royal jelly is known for its nutritional and health benefits. Bee pollen, another product obtained from bees, is rich in proteins and essential nutrients and is consumed as a dietary supplement.

5. Value-added Products:

Apart from honey, beekeepers often produce value-added products like honey-based spreads, flavoured honey, beeswax candles, and herbal cosmetics. These products cater to the growing demand for natural and organic alternatives.

6. Export Opportunities:

India has significant export potential for beekeeping products. Honey and other bee-related products are exported to various countries, including the United States, European Union, Middle East, and Southeast Asia. Export-oriented beekeepers need to comply with quality standards and regulations of the target markets.

7. Government Initiatives:

The Indian government has recognized the importance of beekeeping and has initiated several schemes and programs to promote and support the industry. These include financial assistance, training programs, infrastructure development, and the establishment of honey processing and testing facilities.

8. Challenges:

Beekeepers in India face challenges such as diseases and pests affecting honeybee colonies, limited access to modern beekeeping technologies, lack of standardized quality control measures, and fluctuating market prices. Climate change and habitat loss also pose threats to bee populations.

Despite the challenges, the beekeeping industry in India is growing, driven by increasing demand for honey, rising health consciousness, and a shift towards sustainable and natural products. With the right support and adoption of modern beekeeping practices, beekeepers can capitalize on the market opportunities both domestically and internationally.

 

Growing Business Idea of Floriculture/Flowers

Growing Business Idea of Floriculture/Flowers

One potential business idea in the field of floriculture is to establish a specialized flower farm and retail operation. Here’s a detailed outline of this business concept:

  1. Market Analysis:

    • Research the local and regional market demand for flowers. Identify target customers such as individuals, event planners, hotels, and restaurants.
    • Assess the competition, including other flower farms, local florists, and online flower delivery services.
    • Analyze market trends and preferences, including popular flower varieties, seasonal demand, and emerging floral design trends.
  2. Farm Setup:

    • Identify suitable land for your flower farm. Consider factors such as soil quality, accessibility, and proximity to target markets.
    • Determine the scale of the operation based on market demand and available resources.
    • Choose a variety of flowers to grow based on local preferences, climate suitability, and market demand. Consider both popular flowers and unique or exotic varieties to differentiate your offerings.
    • Set up necessary infrastructure such as greenhouses, irrigation systems, and storage facilities to support year-round production and maintain the quality of flowers.
  3. Cultivation and Production:

    • Implement proper cultivation techniques to ensure high-quality flowers. This includes selecting appropriate seeds or young plants, providing optimal growing conditions (light, temperature, humidity), and practicing efficient pest and disease management.
    • Consider adopting sustainable and environmentally friendly practices to appeal to eco-conscious customers.
    • Plan crop rotations and staggered planting schedules to ensure a steady supply of flowers throughout the year.
    • Establish relationships with local suppliers for seeds, fertilizers, and other necessary inputs.
  4. Distribution and Sales:

    • Develop a marketing strategy to promote your flower farm and retail operation. Utilize various channels, including online platforms, social media, local events, and partnerships with local businesses.
    • Offer a range of products and services, such as cut flowers, potted plants, floral arrangements, and customized bouquets for special occasions.
    • Consider offering delivery services to reach a broader customer base.
    • Build relationships with local florists, event planners, and businesses that may require regular flower supplies.
    • Participate in farmers’ markets, trade shows, and other relevant events to showcase your products and connect with potential customers.
  5. Additional Revenue Streams:

    • Explore the possibility of diversifying your business by offering flower-related products, such as organic fertilizers, seeds, gardening tools, and decorative pots.
    • Consider hosting workshops or classes on floral arrangements, gardening tips, or flower-related crafts to engage with the community and generate additional income.
    • Establish partnerships with local photographers, wedding planners, and other event service providers to create bundled packages for weddings and other special occasions.
  6. Operations and Management:

    • Hire and train a competent team to assist with cultivation, harvesting, packaging, sales, and customer service.
    • Maintain accurate records of expenses, sales, and inventory to ensure effective management and informed decision-making.
    • Continuously monitor market trends and adjust your product offerings accordingly.
    • Seek feedback from customers to improve your products and services.

Remember to conduct thorough market research, develop a comprehensive business plan, and consider the financial aspects of starting and running a flower farm and retail operation. Adapt and refine your strategies based on the specific needs and characteristics of your target market.

Business of Poultry Farming

Business of Poultry Farming
Poultry farming refers to the process of raising domesticated birds, such as chickens, ducks, turkeys, and geese, for their meat, eggs, or feathers. It is a branch of animal husbandry and is practiced worldwide for commercial purposes as well as small-scale or backyard farming.

Here are some key aspects of poultry farming:

1. Housing:

Poultry farms require suitable housing facilities to protect the birds from predators, harsh weather conditions, and diseases. The housing should provide proper ventilation, lighting, temperature control, and enough space for the birds to move around comfortably.

2. Breeds and Stock Selection:

Different poultry breeds are available, each with its own characteristics and suitability for specific purposes. The selection of appropriate breeds depends on factors such as the desired product (meat or eggs), market demand, climate conditions, and available resources.

3. Feeding and Nutrition:

Providing a well-balanced diet is crucial for the health and productivity of poultry. Feed should contain the necessary nutrients, including carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, and minerals. Commercially formulated feeds are available, or farmers can create their own feed mixes based on the specific requirements of the birds.

4. Health Management:

Maintaining good health is vital in poultry farming. Regular vaccinations, preventive medications, and biosecurity measures help prevent and control diseases. Monitoring the birds for signs of illness, providing clean water, and maintaining proper hygiene in the poultry house are essential practices.

5. Egg Production:

If the focus is on egg production, farmers need to provide appropriate nesting areas and ensure a consistent supply of clean water and quality feed. Regular collection of eggs is necessary to prevent spoilage or breakage.

6. Meat Production:

For meat production, farmers need to monitor the growth of the birds and provide a nutritious diet to promote healthy weight gain. Proper handling and transportation of birds for slaughter are essential to ensure meat quality.

7. Marketing and Sales:

Poultry farmers need to identify potential markets for their products, whether it is selling eggs, meat, or other poultry-related products. Developing relationships with local retailers, restaurants, or wholesalers can help in marketing and sales.

It’s important to note that poultry farming practices and regulations may vary by country or region. Local laws, animal welfare standards, and market demands should be considered when starting or expanding a poultry farming operation. Consulting with local agricultural authorities or experienced poultry farmers can provide valuable insights specific to your location.

How to Start Profitable Business of Fish Farming

How to Start Profitable Business of Fish Farming
Fish farming, also known as aquaculture, can be a profitable business venture if properly planned and executed. Here are some profitable aspects to consider when starting a fish farming business:

1. Selecting the right fish species:

Choose fish species that have high market demand and are suitable for the local climate and resources. Some popular fish species for farming include tilapia, catfish, salmon, trout, and carp.

2. Market research:

Conduct thorough market research to understand the demand and potential buyers for your fish. Identify local restaurants, supermarkets, wholesalers, and fish markets that can be potential customers for your produce.

3. Business plan:

Develop a comprehensive business plan that outlines your production goals, financial projections, marketing strategies, and operational details. A well-structured plan will guide your business decisions and help secure funding if needed.

4. Proper infrastructure:

Build or set up the necessary infrastructure for fish farming, including ponds, tanks, or cages, depending on the chosen fish species. Ensure that the infrastructure provides suitable water quality, temperature, and aeration for the fish.

5. Stocking and feeding:

Source high-quality fingerlings or fish seeds from reliable suppliers. Develop a proper feeding regime and ensure that the fish receive adequate nutrition for optimal growth. Efficient feeding practices and regular monitoring can help minimize feed costs and maximize growth rates.

6. Disease management:

Implement appropriate disease prevention and management strategies to minimize the risk of disease outbreaks. Regular health checks, maintaining good water quality, and following proper biosecurity measures are essential to prevent losses due to diseases.

7. Marketing and distribution:

Develop effective marketing strategies to promote your fish products. Establish partnerships with local retailers, restaurants, and wholesalers to ensure a consistent market for your fish. Consider direct sales to consumers through farmers’ markets or setting up an online store.

8. Diversification and value addition:

Consider diversifying your business by offering value-added products such as smoked fish, fillets, or fish-based products like fish oil or fishmeal. These can fetch higher prices and increase profitability.

9. Financial management:

Maintain proper financial records and regularly analyze the costs and revenue of your fish farming business. Monitor your expenses, optimize production processes, and explore opportunities to reduce costs and increase profitability.

10. Continuous learning:

Stay updated with the latest research, technological advancements, and industry trends in fish farming. Attend workshops, conferences, and training programs to enhance your knowledge and skills in aquaculture.
Remember, the profitability of a fish farming business depends on various factors such as market demand, operational efficiency, cost management, and the quality of your products. It’s important to conduct a feasibility study and also seek expert advice before starting your venture.

Kaleem Ullah Khan (Mango Man of India)

Haji Kalimullah Khan, popularly known as Mango man, he is an Indian horticulturist and fruit breeder, known for his contribution in the breeding of mangoes and other fruits. He is also known to have grown over 300 different varieties of mangoes on a single tree, by grafting techniques. Khan Born in Malihabad, near Lucknow in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh, Khan dropped out of school at 7th standard and took to the family business of farming.

He is Using the asexual propagation technique of grafting, he has developed several new varieties of mangoes, some of which has been named after celebrities and political leader such as Sachin Tendulkar, Aishwarya Rai, Akhilesh Yadav, Sonia Gandhi, Narendra Modi, Amit Shah etc. Anarkali, a variety of mango developed by him is reported to have two different skins and two different layers of pulp, each having a different taste and after his outstanding contribution in the field of mango grafting. The Government of India awarded him with the fourth highest civilian honour of the Padma Shri, in 2008.

Kaleem Ullah Khan (Mango Man of India) Kaleem Ullah Khan (Mango Man of India)

Maharashtra Chief Minister Eknath Shinde on May 30 attended the cabinet meeting held in Mumbai. Considering the issues faced by the farmers of states, the government assured to deposit Rs 12,000 in the accounts of the farmers. Eknath Shinde said, “Today, decisions have been taken for the farmers in the cabinet meeting. Central Government had decided to give Rs 6,000 annually to farmers, the same decision has been taken by the state, in which Rs 6,000 will be given to farmers from the state. This means that annually Rs 12,000 to be deposited in the farmers accounts.

पर्यावरण प्रबन्धन मे बायोचार की भूमिका

वर्तमान समय में पर्यावरण की समस्या पूरे विश्व के लिए चिंता का विषय बनी हुई है। पूरी दुनिया में पर्यावरण सम्बन्धी समस्याओं के निराकरण हेतु लगातार कई मुद्दों पर वैज्ञानिक सम्मेलन आयोजित हो रहे हैं। परन्तु स्थाई समाधान अभी भी हमारी पहुँच से कहीं दूर है। पर्यावर्णीय संतुलन दिन पर दिन बिगड़ता जा रहा है। यदि यही स्थिति रही तो आने वाले दशकों  में पर्यावरण मुद्दा एक विकराल समस्या बनकर हमारे सामने खड़ा होगा और जिसके कारण सम्पूर्ण मानव जाति के विनाश को कोई रोक नहीं पायेगा। वर्तमान में हमें पर्यावरण के दुष्परिणाम दिखने लगे हैं, जैसे ग्लोबल वार्मिंग का बढ़ जाना, बारिश समय पर नहीं होना या अपेक्षाकृत कम होना, मृदा का दूषित हो जाना इत्यादि समस्यायें आकार लेने लगी हैं।

इन समस्याओं को देखते हुए पर्यावरण प्रबन्धन अतिआवश्यक है। क्योंकि जनसंख्या एवं उसकी आवश्यकताओं की पूर्ति हेतु विभिन्न प्रकार के कारक पर्यावरण संतुलन को प्रभावित कर रहे हैं। यह तभी संभव होगा जब हम पर्यावरण के अनुकूल वस्तुओं का उपयोग करेंगे। इंसान के खाने-पीने से लेकर उसके रहन-सहन का पूरा प्रभाव पर्यावरण पर पड़ता है। अर्थात पर्यावरण संरक्षण सम्बन्धी ज्ञान नहीं होने के कारण इंसान पर्यावरण को अपनी दैनिक क्रियाओं द्वारा दूषित कर रहा है, उदाहरण के तौर पर कृषि में उपयोग की जाने वाले विभिन्न रासायनिक उर्वरक, अत्यधिक मात्रा में कीटनाशक दवाओं का इस्तेमाल, ग्रीन हाउस गैसों का उत्सर्जन आदि कारक प्रत्यक्ष एवं अप्रत्यक्ष रूप से पर्यावरण को हानि पहुँचा रहे हैं।

जिसमें मृदा, जल एवं वायु प्रदूषण मुख्य हैं। कुछ पर्यावरण अनुकूलन तकनीकों को अपनाकर हम पर्यावरण को स्वच्छ रख सकते हैं। कृषि उत्पादन में रासायनिक उर्वरक के स्थान पर जैविक उर्वरक अथवा बायोचार का उपयोग कर भी पर्यावरण संदूषण से बचा जा सकता है।

बायोचार क्या है ?

बायोचार उच्च कार्बन युक्त गहरे काले रंग का ठोस पदार्थ होता है। जिसको किसी कनस्तर अथवा ड्रम के अंदर वायु की सीमित मात्रा में आग मे जलाकर बनाया जाता है। बायोचार कृषि अपशिष्ट (धान, गेहूँ, ज्वार की भूसी, कुक्कुट अपशिष्ट इत्यादि) के पायरोलिसिस द्वारा तैयार किया जाता है। बायोचार का उपयोग उर्वरक के रूप में फसल उत्पादन मे करके कई तरह की पर्यावर्णीय समयाओं से बचा जा सकता है। अपशिष्ट को बायोचार में परिवर्तित कर उसको मृदा उपयोगी बनाया जाता है। जिससे कि पर्यावरण स्वच्छ रहता है।

इस प्रकार कृषि अपशिष्ट भी पुनर्चकृत होकर कृषि कार्य में उपयोगी हो जाता है। बायोचार पर्यावरण अनुकूल पदार्थ होता है। यह पर्यावरण संतुलन में उच्च स्तर की भूमिका निभाता है। मृदा में इसके उपयोग से मीथेन (ग्लोबल वार्मिंग में कार्बनडाईऑक्साइड की अपेक्षा लगभग ३० गुना प्रबल) के उत्सर्जन को कम किया जा सकता है। मृदा में उपस्थित उच्च धातुओं तथा अन्य संक्रमण को डिटोक्सिफिकेशन  करने में भी महत्वपूर्ण भूमिका निभाता है| मुख्यत: बायोचार का उपयोग मृदा सुधार एवं उर्वरा शक्ति को बढाने में किया जाता है। बायोचार के मृदा में उपयोग से पर्यावरण उपयोगी जीवाणुओं की संख्या बढ जाती है। जो मृदा के स्वास्थ्य के साथ-साथ फसलों के उत्पादन में अग्रणी भूमिका निभाते हैं। 

बायोचार के पर्यावरण में लाभ:-

वर्तमान समय मे बयोचार का  उपयोग मुख्य रूप से उच्च स्तरीय कृषि उत्पादन प्राप्त करने के लिए किया जा रहा है| क्योकि इसके उपयोग से पर्यावरण अनुकूल एवं किफायती दर का कृषि उत्पादन प्राप्त किया जा सकता है तथा विभिन्न अनुशंधानो से यह साबित हो चुका है कि बायोचार कृषि के लिए एक उपयोगी उर्वरक होता है इसके उपयोग से मृदा सुधार मे सकारात्मक परिणाम देखने को मिलते है उदाहरण के लिए- मृदा की उर्वरा शक्ति का बढ जाना, पोषक तत्वों की मृदा मे संपोषणीयता को बनाये रखना तथा पर्यावरण मे उच्च धात्विक तत्वों के निस्तारीकारण हेतु भी बायोचार की मुख्य भूमिका रहती है|

साथ ही साथ बयोचार का उपयोग जैविक ईधन के रूप में किया जाता है| बयोचार उत्पादन के दौरान संघनन की क्रिया द्वारा जैव ईधन को तैयार किया जाता है| बायोचार उत्पादन के दौरान कई सारी गैसे निकलती है जिनका उपयोग जैविक ऊर्जा के लिए किया जाता है तथा बायोचार का इन सब के साथ साथ ग्लोवल वार्मिंग में भी साहरानीय योगदान है| बायोचार मृदा से निकलने वाली ग्रीन हाउस गैसों के उत्सर्जन को कम करने मे महत्वपूर्ण भूमिका निभाता है| जो वर्तमान मे  ग्लोबल वार्मिंग की एक विकराल समस्या बनी हुई है|

पर्यावरण प्रबन्धन मे बायोचार की भूमिकाचित्र:  पर्यावरण में बायोचार के लाभ

 

जलवायु परिवर्तन को कम करने में

जलवायु परिवर्तन की समस्या इतनी ज्यादा बढ़ चुकि है कि जन जीवन पूरी तरह से प्राभावित होने लगा है जलवायु परिवर्तन पर हो रही विश्व स्तर की सारी वार्ता विफल होती नगर आ रही है अर्थार्त अभी तक कोई भी उचित समाधान नहीं निकल पाया है जिससे की यह समस्या दिन प्रति दिन बढती ही जा रही| अगर कोई उचित समाधान शीघ्र ही नहीं हो पाया तो वह वो दिन दूर नहीं कि इंसान को अपना जीवन यापन करने मे एड़ी चोटी का दम लगाना पड़ेगा| यह भी नहीं कहा जा सकता कि जलवायु परिवर्तन के लिए किसी एक देश के नागरिक ही जिम्मेदार है हर वो इंसान जो प्रथ्वी पर अपनी दैनिक क्रियाये करता है वह जलवायु परिवर्तन के लिए उत्तरदायी है|

सभी का पर्यावरण को दूषित करने में प्रत्यक्ष एवं अप्रत्यक्ष रूप से योगदान है उदारण के लिए पर्यावरण अनुकूल वस्तुओं का उपयोग नहीं करना अथवा पर्यावरण अनुकूल कृषि का क्रियान्वयन नहीं करना आदि कारक सम्मलित है| धान के खेत से प्रतेक वर्ष ४०-४३ टेराग्राम  मीथेन गैस उत्सर्जित होती है वह कुल मीथेन उत्सर्जन का ६-१० प्रतिशत है जिसमे कि कुल ९० प्रतिशत धान का उत्पादन एशिया मे होता है| इन आँकडो से ही मीथेन उत्सर्जन का एशिया और फिर विश्व स्तर पर अंदाजा लगाया जा सकता है|

कृषि में उपयोग होने वाली भिन्न भिन्न प्रकार के रासायनिक उर्वक भी कुछ हद तक ग्रीन हाउस गैसों के उत्सर्जन के लिए जिम्मेदार है| इन सभी समस्याओं को देखते हुए हमें पर्यावरण अनुकूल वस्तुओ के उपयोग की आवश्कता है जैसे कि कृषि हेतु ऐसे उर्वरक जो पर्यावरण अनुकूल हो एवम् ग्रीन हाउस गैसों के उत्सर्जन को कम कर सके| उदारण के लिए बायोचार का मर्दा में रासायनिक उर्वरको की जगह उपयोग करना क्योकि यह पर्यावरण अनुकूल उर्वरक होता है जिससे कि कृषि उत्पादन मे उच्च स्तर के परिणाम मिलते है साथ ही साथ पर्यावरण उपयोगी सूक्ष्म जीवो की संख्या को भी बढाता है|

बायोचार मृदा से उत्सर्जित होने वाली गैसों (मीथेन, कार्बन डाइऑक्साइड, नाइट्रिक ऑक्साइड) के रिशाव को भी कम करने मे अहम भूमिका निभाता है| मीथेन  सामान्तय: धान के खेत, वन क्षेत्र एवं दलदली भूमि से उत्सर्जित होती है| बायोचार उपचारित मृदा मे मीथेन शोषक जीणुओ की संख्या पर भी सकारात्मक प्रभाव देखा गया है जो मीथेन अवशोषित करने मे सकारात्मक भूमिका निभाते है|

ऊर्जा उत्पादन में

वर्तमान मे उपयोग में लाये जाने वाले ईधन की दिन प्रति दिन आपूर्ति नहीं होने के साथ साथ उसके दाम में भी वृदि होती जा रही है जिसको उपयोग मे लाना आम आदमी के वस के बहार हो चुका है ऐसे में जरुरत है किसी ऐसी तकनीकी को विकसित करने की जिससे की इन सभी समस्याओं से निजात मिल सके और भविष्य भी सुरक्षित हो सके इन सब को देखते हुए भिन्न भिन्न प्रकार की तकनीकी विकसित की जा रही है जैसे की समुद्र बायोमास, एवं जेट्रोफा की फसल को उपयोग में लाकर ईधन उत्पादन किया जा रहा है,

इन सभी के साथ साथ तीसरी सबसे ज्यादा उपयोगी तकनीकी, अपशिष्ट पदार्थ के बायोमास की पायरोलिसिस के द्वारा बायोचार के उत्पादन के साथ साथ जैविक ईधन को तैयार करना यह एक बहुत ही किफायती एवं पर्यावरण अनुकूल  तकनीकी है जिससे की किसी भी अपशिष्ट कार्बनिक पदार्थ को उपयोग में लाकर उसको वायु की आंशिक उपस्थिति में जला कर (पायरोलिसिस) की क्रिया द्वारा तैयार किया जाता है| जब किसी बायोमास को वायु आंशिक उपस्थिति मे जलाया जाता है तब उससे बूंदों के रूप मे द्रव्य निकलता है जो संघनित होने पर जैव ईधन का काम करता है एवं शेष ठोस भाग बायोचार के रूप में एकत्र कर लिया जाता है विश्व के कुछ देशो मे यह खाना बनाने एवं वाहनों मे एक ईधन के रूप मे काम में लाया जा रहा है

इस तकनीकी के माध्यम से प्रकृति में बढ़ रहे कार्बनिक अपशिष्ट की मात्रा भी कम होती है और कृषि उपयोगी उपयोगी पदार्थ भी बन जाता है| अगर कृषि अपशिष्ट की बात करे तो मिलियन टन के हिसाब से प्रतेक वर्ष कृषि अपशिष्ट कृषि भूमि से निकलता है जिसको की विश्व के ज्यादातर हिस्सों मे जला दिया जाता है या उसी भूमि में गला दिया जाता है| इस प्रकार से उसका वास्तविक लाभ नहीं तो मृदा को मिल पता है और ना ही किसान को, एक सबसे  बढ़ा चिंता का विषय यह है की जनसंख्या के विस्फोटक वृदि के स्तर को देखते हुए किस प्रकार से पर्याप्त मात्रा में मानव के लिए खाद्य उपयोगी जरुरतो को मुहिया कराया जाये| इन सभी समस्याओं को संज्ञान में रखते हुए बायोचार आधारित तकनीकी बहुत लाभकारी साबित हो सकती है|

पर्यावरण प्रबन्धन मे बायोचार की भूमिका

 चित्र: अपशिष्ट पदार्थ के द्वारा बायोचार एवं जैविक तेल का उत्पादन  

 

अपशिष्ट प्रबन्धन

प्रकृति में फैले अपशिष्ट पदार्थ का बायोचार का उत्पादन करके उसको कृषि एवं ऊर्जा उपयोग के योग्य बनाया जा सकता है जिससे कि उस व्यर्थ पड़े पदार्थ का कृषि में उपयोग करने पर एक अच्छा फसल उत्पादन भी मिल सकता है  और साथ ही साथ उसका पुनर्चक्रण भी हो जाता है तथा बायोमास के पायरोलिसिस की क्रिया से निकलने वाले तरल पदार्थ को ऊर्जा हेतु उपयोग किया जा सकता है| इस अपशिष्ट पदार्थ के ज्यदा समय तक  पर्यवारण मे पड़े रहने से पर्यावरण दूषित होता है जिससे  कि तरह तरह की स्वास्थ समस्याओं का सामना करना पड़ता है|

यह तकनीकी अपशिष्ट पदार्थ के प्रबन्धन हेतु बहुत उपयोगी साबित हो चुकी है| यह एक सस्ती एवं टिकाऊ तकनिकी है जिसके द्वरा पर्यावरण स्वच्छता के साथ साथ आय भी उत्पन्न होती है| जैसे कि बायोचार का उपयोग कृषि उत्पादन मे किया जा सकता है और पायरोलिसिस की क्रिया द्वारा उत्पन्न द्रव का उपयोग जैविक ईधन के रूप मे विभिन्न मकसद से किया जा सकता है| इस तकनीकी से बड़ी मात्रा में फैले अपशिष्ट पदार्थ का छोटे एवं बड़े स्तर पर प्रबन्धन किया जा सकता है| वैज्ञानिक दृष्टिकोण से भी यह तकनीक बहुत उपयोगी साबित हो चुकी है|

 

मृदा सुधार मे

कृषि उत्पादन के लिए विश्व भर में बड़े पैमाने पर रासायनिक उर्वरको का प्रयोग हो रहा है जिससे कि मृदा की  उर्वरक शक्ति प्राभावित होती है तथा मृदा के भौतिक-रासायनिक एवं जैविक गुणो पर भी विपरीत असर पड़ रहा है| वह फसल की उत्पादन दर दिन प्रति दिन कम होती जा रही है एवं साथ ही साथ मृदा की जैव विभिद्ता भी कम हो रही जिसमे की कृषि उपयोगी सूक्ष्म जीवो की संख्या मे भी कमी आ रही है| इन सब का सीधा असर मृदा की उर्वरक शक्ति पर पड़ता है और यदि इसके विपरीत कृषि उत्पादन में जैविक एवं बयोचार जैसे उर्वरको का उपयोग किया जाये तो मृदा को स्वास्थ रखा जा सकता है|

बायोचार मृदा की भौतिक रासायनिक गुणो के साथ साथ यह मृदा के जैविक गुणो पर भी सकरात्मक प्रभाव डालता है| यह मृदा की नमी रोकने की क्षमता को बढाता है तथा मृदा कणों के घनत्व को कम करता है क्योंकि बायोचार का घनत्व कम होता है| बायोचार मृदा उपयोगी सूक्ष्म जीवो के लिए एक शुरक्षा कवच का काम करता है जिससे की मृदा में उपस्थित दूसरे जीव का शिकार होने से बच जाते है जैसे निमेटोड, प्रोटोजोया आदि| बायोचार में लगभग ८० प्रतिशत कार्बन तथा वाकी अन्य तत्व पाये जाते है| वह सभी मृदा मे जरुरी पौषक तत्वों का काम करते है| बायोचार उपचारित कृषि की उत्पादन क्षमता बायोचार के गुणो पर निर्भर करती है|

अर्थार्त बायोचार किस तापमान पर तैयार किया गया है यह महत्पूर्ण होता है| सामान्यत: बायोचार ५००, ६००, ७००, ८००, ९००, १००० डिग्री सेंन्टीग्रट तापमान पर तैयार किया जाता है परन्तु ५००-६०० डिग्री सेंन्टीग्रट तापमान पर तैयार किया गया बायोचार मृदा के लिए ज्यादा प्रभावशाली माना जाता है क्योकि इसके अंदर मृदा उपयोगी लगभग अधिकतर पौषक तत्व विद्धमान होते है| अगर संक्षेप मे बायोचार के महत्व की बात की जाये तो यह पर्यावरण अनुकूल पदार्थ होता है इसका कोई भी नकारात्मक प्रभाव पर्यावरण पर नहीं पड़ता है| यह बात उच्च स्तरीय वैज्ञानिक अनुशंधानो से सिद्ध भी हो चुकी है|

पर्यावरण प्रबन्धन मे बायोचार की भूमिका

                        चित्र: फसल उत्पादन में बायोचार का उपयोग ( स्रोतhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f9MbLOLI600) 

Global Methane Emission and Consumption

Methane (CH4), a colourless and odourless potent green house gas (GHG) contributing up to one third to the total global GHG emissions, has been considered as main culprit behind the global warming and consequently the climate change. As it absorbs infrared radiation so contributes about 15 to 20% in existing the earth temperature. The increasing concentration of CH4 in the environment is great cause for concerns because its global warming potential is up to 30 times greater than carbon dioxide (CO2).

It means increment of CH4 into the environment is about 30 times more effective in increasing global temperature than adding equal mass of CO2. In last couple of centuries, the CH4 atmospheric level has increased significantly because of an imbalance between global emission and consumption across different ecosystems.

The reports of Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) dictated that the atmospheric concentration of methane has been doubled during past 200 years and its concentration is rising by an average rate of 1% per year over the past few years. The atmospheric level of CH4 has been reached up to 1840 ppb from 700 ppb since 19th century i.e. the current atmospheric amount of CH4 are 2.5 times higher than pre-industrial concentrations. So, it is important to find out the various ways that may be beneficial in balancing the atmospheric methane level at global level.

CH4 emission at global level

CH4 is emitted from both the natural and anthropogenic sources around the globe. The anthropogenic activity is mostly responsible for the major part of global CH4 emissions, which my comprise up to the 63% (~566 Tg CH4/year). However the remaining emissions are carried out naturally (208 Tg CH4/year). Anthropogenic CH4 emissions are generated by the agricultural livestock, paddy cultivation, fossil fuels, waste practices, landfills, coal mining, natural gas distribution and biomass burning.

Whereas natural sources comprise wetlands, oceans, rivers, lakes, estuaries, gas hydrates geological sources, vegetation including terrestrial plants, wildfires, arthropods, wild animals and permafrost, etc (Figure 1). The anthropogenic CH4 production has increased steadily since the dawn of the industrial revolution.

Figure 1: Chief methane emitters at global scale (Mt/yr) (Source: IPCC)

Biological CH4 fermentation (MF)

Biologically CH4 is emitted by anaerobic bacteria called as methanogens and the process may be termed to as methanogenesis. In water logged and swampy places, CH4 is produced as the terminal step of the anoxic (absence of oxygen) decomposition of organic matter generating CH4 and CO2.

The anaerobic decomposition of organic matter and generation of methane in flooded places involves mainly through (a) polymers hydrolysis by hydrolytic organisms, (b) action of fermentative bacteria to form acid from simple organic compounds, (c) formation of acetate from metabolites of fermentations by homo-acetogenic or syntrophic bacteria, and (d) CH4 formation from H2/CO2, acetate, simple methylated compounds or alcohols and CO2.

MF is a versatile biotechnology able to convert polymeric materials to CH4 and CO2 anaerobically and achieved by the successive breakdown of polymers with a variety of unicellular organisms including acidogens (fermentative microbes), acetogens (acetate-forming microbes), methanogens and hydrogen-producing bacteria. Anaerobic bacteria play a very significant role in the formation of stable atmosphere at different stages of methane fermentation.

For the advantageous point of view, MF offers an efficient means of pollution abatement and provides superior way than the results achieved via traditional aerobic procedures. Although, the process is reported and used since 19th century, but the interest has only recently focused. It has been used for the treatment of excess sludge released from sewage-treatment plants. The MF technology has since been urbanized to treat waste waters, discharged from distilleries, tanneries, antibiotic and baker’s yeast manufacturing units.

Methanogens (methane generating bacteria)

Methanogens are spherical (coccoid) or rod shaped (bacilli) Archaebacteria. They are anaerobes and are very sensitive to the presence of very low level oxygen  i.e. cannot survive under aerobic environment. There are over 50 species of methanogens have been isolated from waterlogged, sediments and many such places. Despite this methanogens also thrive in the stomach of ruminants and produce CH4 from CO2 and hydrogen released by other microbes residing.

Some examples of methanogens are: Methanococcus, Methanoculleus, Methanosarcina, Methanoplanu, Methanospirillum etc. However, Methanosarcina barkeri have been reported to contain superoxide dismutase (SOD) enzyme (which save organisms from the lethal effects of oxygen) and may survive longer than the others in the presence of O2. Moreover, some species use CO2 to sustain life called hydrogenotrophic.

CH4 consumption at global level

In global perspective, CH4 is oxidised by chemical and biological processes. The main sinks of CH4 are photochemical oxidation in atmosphere and microbial consumption at or near the sites of emission. Approximately 90% of the atmospheric CH4 is oxidized chemically within the tropospheric region with free hydroxyl radicals ‘the detergents of the atmosphere’.

Moreover, aerobic upland soils are the second major biological consumers for CH4 due to the presence of methanotrophic bacteria. Methanotrophs (CH4-oxidising bacteria, MOB) are the unique biological entity on earth scavenging CH4 biologically and play a very vital role to mitigate significant amount global CH4 load. It is reported that soil methanotrophic bacteria are associated with the removal of 10-40 Tg CH4/year, which comprises up to 6-10% of the global CH4 consumption.

The methanotrophs associated with the roots of rice paddies oxidise about 10-30% of the CH4 emitted by methanogens in rice field, which are one of the leading producer of potent GHG.

 

Figure 2: CH4 emission and consumption in environment

CH4 scavengers (CH4 eating bacteria)

Methanotrophs are diverse groups of gram-negative bacteria. They are sole biological sink of CH4 with proficiency of using CH4 for their carbon and energy needs. They are cosmopolitan and can be isolated from a wide variety of environments including extreme conditions. On the basis of CH4 oxidising pathways they have been divided on into type I (use RuMp patway, includes Methylomonas, Methylosphaera, Methylomicrobium, Methylosarcina, Methylobacter, Methylocaldum, Methylococcus, Methylohalobius, and Methylosom) and type II (use Serine pathway, includes Methylocystis, Methylocella, Methylocapsa and Methylosinus). Moreover, recently discovered Verrucomicrobia may be referred as type III.

Methanotrophs contain CH4 monooxygenase (MMO) enzyme to oxidise CH4 into CO2 through different steps (Figure 2). There are two distinct forms of this enzyme, the membrane-bound particulate CH4 monooxygenase (pMMO) and the cytoplasmic soluble methane monooxygenase (sMMO).

Figure 3: CH4 oxidation pathway (MMOs: CH4 monooxygenase; MDH: methanol dehydrogenase; MDH: formaldehyde dehydrogenase; FADH: formate dehydrogenase; FDH)

Reforestations of waste lands can contribute in CH4 mitigation

The world human population has been increased up to 250% in last six decades with a boom of 2.6 to 7.2 billion and is expected to cross 9.6 billion by the end of year 2050. In order to provide food for all, the production of cereals needs a leap of nearly 50% annually. This difficult goal puts heavy pressure on agriculture to gain food security. To attain large surface area for agriculture land expansion putting heavy load on the forests.

The conversion of natural subtropical forest to farmland lowers the CH4 sink capability of soil. However, the same may be recovered after afforestation. Addition of inorganic fertilizers into fields also disturbs the CH4 sink activity. In addition, the developmental activities are going throughout the world leading to cut down of trees as well as releasing large amount of GHGs into the atmosphere.

Since, we cannot stop the blind run of development immediately, therefore, should think positively regarding the safety measures and remedies. A 10% increase in CH4 consumption rate may stabilize the current concentration of this potent GHG in the environment.

Many scientific reports summarize that the forest soil is best suited for the growth and functioning of methanotrophs and consequently mitigating global CH4 budget (Figure 4). It has been discussed that afforestation, reforestation, improved forest management and reduced deforestation considerably contributes to reductions in excess atmospheric CH4 load.

Figure 4: CH4 sink activity across different land use types (Source: Singh and Gupta, 2016)

Applied facets of CH4 scavenging bacteria

CH4 scavenging bacteria (methanotrophs), an important group of microbes, are generally considered to consume the CH4 (a potent green house gas) in atmosphere. The CH4 consuming unique enzyme methane monooxygenase (MMOs) present in these bacteria not only destroy the CH4, but also have capability to degrade/metabolise several pollutants viz.

heavy metals (Cr, Cd), aliphatic hydrocarbons (dichloroethylene, trichloroethylene, vinyl chloride and chloroform), halogenated hydrocarbons, halogenated benzenes, toluene, styrene, polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons and transition metals, phenanthrene, anthracene, and fluorine, neurotoxin methyl mercury, etc (Figure 5). So, these unique bacteria in nature with unique enzyme are contributing significantly at global level in the management ecosystems and environment.

Methanotrophic community structure associated with roots (rhizospheric region) also play beneficial role in the growth and development of plants. They can be used as single-cell protein, biopolymers, and nano-technological applications, soluble metabolites, lipids, growth media, and vitamin. Similar to other microorganism’s methanotrophs can also be genetically engineered to produce carotenoids, enzymes, etc. Methanotrophic bacterial cultures can be employed for wastewater denitrification, making of biosensors, and possibly electricity generation.

 

 

 

Figure 5: Versatility of methanotrophs in nature

 

According to food and agriculture organization (FAO) rice contributes over 43% to the country’s food grain production. India is second leading country in world with respect to production of paddy after China. China has more than 43 million ha of land area under paddy cultivation and produces approximately 125 million tonnes of rice. It is reported that flooded paddy fields are responsible for emission of CH4 to the environment.

So, other countries are blaming India regarding the contribution of significant increment of CH4 to the atmosphere because of the vast flooded paddy agriculture area. At the same it has been reported that dry land paddy agriculture showed CH4 consumption instead of CH4 emission. Therefore, Indian scientists are involved to develop new high yielding dry land rice varieties that may contribute significantly in CH4 reduction rates in future paddy agriculture.

In present scenario, we have been intensely involved in the blind run so called development, which is also adding different problems such as global warming, climate change, cancers, skin and lung problems, etc. Therefore, it is needed to adapt sustainable growth patterns for the safety and security of future generations. Application of biofertilizers, reforestation of disturbed land and afforestation, etc may be a good alternative to sustain the living beings and consequently reduction of CH4 emission in environment globally (Figure 6).

 

Figure 6: A hypothetical model demonstrating anthropogenic activities CH4 emission